Joschka and Eva built a cell-responsive DNA origami-based biointerface to study the spatial requirements of T-cell activation. They found that early T-cell signaling was dependent on two stably ligated T-cell receptors within a distance of 20 nanometers. Spatial organization of the physiological ligand pMHC, however, turned out to be not a relevant parameter, as single, well-isolated pMHC molecules efficiently stimulated T-cells.

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