Few materials have shaped our architectural and cultural history as profoundly as copper. Whether adorning the roofs of iconic churches, embellishing artworks, or serving utilitarian purposes, copper has long been valued for its durability, versatility, and aesthetic character. However, these very qualities are increasingly under threat: environmental changes, modern manufacturing processes and modified alloys, as well as the loss of traditional craftsmanship, are affecting how historic copper objects age and how they can be preserved.

The research project METENCO (METalworking, ENvironment and COpper) addresses this urgent challenge. It explores how traditional metalworking techniques, such as hammering, annealing, polishing, or artificial patination affect the corrosion behaviour and long-term surface evolution of copper and its alloys. The project compares original historical copper sheets, removed from buildings during restoration works, with experimental reference samples produced using historical methods. These samples are then subjected to controlled environmental exposure to simulate aging and patina formation.

The goal is to better understand the interaction between microstructure, atmospheric conditions, and handcrafting techniques, and to translate these insights into practical conservation strategies. In today’s cleaner urban air, new copper surfaces often remain dark instead of developing the characteristic green patina seen on historic rooftops. Such a change must be seen not only as a scientific problem, but also as a cultural and aesthetic one.

Combining advanced analytical tools such as mobile X-ray diagnostics, electron microscopy, and surface-sensitive analytical techniques with historical expertise and traditional craft, METENCO creates a foundation for sustainable cleaning and conservation approaches. These approaches aim to preserve both the physical material and the visual continuity of copper-based heritage.

By bringing together scientists, conservators, craftspeople, and heritage professionals, METENCO contributes to the protection of European cultural heritage in the face of environmental and societal change. Its findings will be shared through open-access publications, exhibitions, training programs, and professional guidelines, ensuring broad accessibility and long-term impact across disciplines and institutions.

Project managers and host institutions

Mag.art. Dr.rer.nat. Valentina Ljubić Tobisch - TU Wien

Univ.-Prof. i.R. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Wolfgang Kautek - University of Vienna, opens an external URL in a new window

Dipl.-Min.in Dr.in rer.nat. Klaudia Hradil - TU Wien

HR Mag.a Astrid M. Huber-Reichl - Bundesdenkmalamt, opens an external URL in a new window