Resonant-tunneling-diode (RTD) oscillators are essentially nonlinear systems. So far, they have been described using overly simplified models. Here, we present a generalised model that accounts for the actual nonlinearity of the RTD current–voltage characteristic. By developing a first-order perturbation theory, we demonstrate that the behaviour of an RTD oscillator becomes strongly nonlinear (and non-harmonic) beneath unexpectedly low frequencies and that nonlinearity plays an essential role in the variation of the RTD oscillation frequency with bias. These phenomena are critical for the applications, design, and fundamental understanding of RTD oscillators.

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